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This study assessed the morphological characteristics of the native pig population in Bohol Island, Philippines. A total of 100 sexually-mature native pigs (80% gilt/sow and 20% barrow/boar) were selected from the municipalities of Balilihan, Bilar, Talibon, Ubay, Loon, Guindulman, Mabini, San Miguel, Pilar, and Alburquerque, which are densely populated with native pigs (based on the data of the Office of the Provincial Veterinarian-Bohol). Purposive sampling was used to select the experimental pigs based on the phenotypic traits that qualify them as native. Likewise, remote barangays where native pigs are most likely raised were selected as sample sites. The qualitative (hair color, color pattern, and ear orientation) and quantitative (tail length, teat number, estimated body weight using body length, and heart girth measurements) traits were recorded based on subjective observation and actual measurements, respectively. Qualitatively, the native pigs in Bohol have predominantly (73%) black hair. In terms of color pattern, plain color (91%), spotted (4%), and patchy (5%) were noted. The native pigs also revealed droopy (54%), slightly droopy (37%), and erect (9%) ear orientations. Meanwhile, quantitative traits revealed an overall body length of 38.07 ± 8.75 inches, heart girth of 36.9 ± 8.83 inches, body weight of 67.29 ± 41.15 kg, tail length of 9.78 ± 2.45 inches, and 12.38 ± 1.33number of teats. Significant differences across sampling areas(p<0.05)and sex (p<0.01) were observed. Generally, females had higher values than males, and there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in trait values among age groups.

Considering the great significance of basil for food and medicinal purposes, it is important to study the proper culture and management of sweet basil. A pot experiment was done to: (a) evaluate the effects of increasing doses of nitrogen and potassium application on the growth, yield, and plant quality of sweet basil; (b) determine the optimum rate of nitrogen and potassium combination for sweet basil and (c) assess the effects of different levels of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on the chemical properties of acidic and neutral soil. There were eight treatments consisting of different levels of N and K2O added into neutral and acidic soil. These treatments were the following: T1 – Control (No fertilizer), T2 - 60-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O (RR), T3 – 0- 60- 60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O, T4 – 120-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O, T5 – 180-60-6/h0 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O, T6 – 60-60-0 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O, T7– 60-60-120 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O, and T8 – 60-60-180 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O. The results showed that the application of T3 (0-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5-K2O) has increased plant height, number of primary branches, root length, fresh and dry weights of leaf, herbage yield, and root weight under neutral soil condition. Meanwhile, optimum application of N and K (60-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O) influenced sweet basil's quality in terms of its chlorophyll content (Chlorophyll a and b). Moreover, increased chemical properties of neutral and acidic soil were significantly affected by application of T5 (180-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O), T7 (60-60-120 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O), and T8 (60-60-180 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O). Most importantly, application of T3 (0- 60- 60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O), T4 (120-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O), T6 (60-60-0 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O), and T8 (60-60-180 kg/ha N-P2O5- K2O) has influenced % N, P, and K concentrations in basil leaf significantly. The optimum combination of N and K that was highly favorable under both neutral and acidic condition was T3 (0-60-60 kg/ha N-P2O5-K20), indicating that sweet basil needs small amounts of N for its growth and yield.

Long-term intensive cultivation leads to soil-related problems. This study was conducted to know the changes in physico-chemical properties of volcanic ash soil (Andisol) in Barangay Cabintan, Ormoc City, Leyte after ten years of intensive vegetable production. Five sampling sites were selected, representing fallow and intensively cultivated areas. The soils were collected and analyzed for particle size analysis (PSA), bulk density (Db), soil pH, organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), available phosphorus (P) and exchangeable bases potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), and sodium (Na). The findings of the current study were compared to the results reported by the ACIAR project ten years ago. The results revealed that the soil physico-chemical properties of Andisol changed within ten years. There were significant differences in soil physico-chemical properties of Andisol across sites and depths as influenced by the two types of soil management over ten years. Soil management practices influenced the nutrient supplying capacity and the physico-chemical properties of the soil. Soil texture did not vary except for sites C and E (intensively cultivated areas). The bulk density remained low while the soil pH, soil organic matter, nitrogen, and exchangeable bases decreased. However, the available phosphorus increased under intensive vegetable production. The overall results highlighted the need to employ the appropriate soil management, specifically fertilizer application. An accurate and exact combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is highly recommended in the area to obtain the desired vegetable yield.

Cultivation of climate change-resilient rice varieties is an appropriate coping strategy to the negative effects of climate change. This study was conducted at the SeedNet area of the Visayas State University, Visca, Baybay City, Leyte to determine some physiological and agronomic responses of submergence and drought tolerant lowland rice varieties grown at different plant spacing and water management. A nested design was used in randomized complete blocks with three replications. Rice variety was designated as the main plot and plant spacing as the subplot nested within two (2) water regimes: continuous flooding (conventional) and no flooding. NSIC Rc194 (submergence tolerant) had a higher grain yield than NSIC Rc192 (drought tolerant) due to more productive tillers and heavier grains. The low yield of NSIC Rc192 could be attributed to lodging and attack of birds, such as maya. Water management and spacing did not affect the grain yield of both varieties. No flooding treatment resulted in reduction of water applied by 69% compared to the continuous flooding treatment. Under no flooding condition and wider spacing, NSIC Rc194 and NSIC Rc192 varieties had higher root pulling resistance implying that rice plants had higher root density under no flooding condition at 30 cm x 30 cm spacing. Plants at 30 cm × 30 cm spacing were significantly taller while those at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing had higher LAI, more plants and productive tillers per m-2, and higher crop growth rate (CGR). Interaction among water management, variety, and spacing was noted in net assimilation rate (NAR). NSIC Rc194 (submergence tolerant) is a more productive, climate-change ready variety than NSIC Rc192 (drought tolerant) under VSU conditions.

Increasing rice productivity under highly alkaline soil is possible by using appropriate cultivars and efficient nutrient management. This study determined the agronomic and yield response of three rice cultivars to nutrient management under highly alkaline soil. It evaluated rice production's profitability using three rice cultivars influenced by nutrient management under highly alkaline soil. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot arranged in an RCBD with rice cultivars as the main plot and nutrient management as the subplot. Statistical analysis revealed that fertilized plants headed and matured earlier than unfertilized plants. A significant interaction effect was noted among rice cultivars under different nutrient management. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers increased the percentage of filled spikelets while reducing unfilled spikelets. Application of 2.5 t/ha-1 poultry litter + 60-30-30 kg ha-1 N, P2O5, and K2O (T4), significantly increased the number of productive tillers, the weight of grains hill-1, and grain yield (t/ha-1) compared to plants applied with pure inorganic fertilizer. For cost and return analysis, black rice and T4 achieved the highest gross margins of PHP 297,708.28 and PHP 269,845.68 respectively. The results indicated that using black rice applied with 2.5 t/ha-1 poultry litter + 60-30-30 kg ha-1 N, P2O5, and K2O (T4) is a highly effective and profitable option for lowland rice production under highly alkaline soil.

This study is a documentation of the Visayas State University environmental consciousness drive for Senior High School students and youth leaders through an environmental jamboree in April 2018. Through quantitative and qualitative research methods, this study is designed to determine the Senior High School students and youth leaders' basic understanding of the essence of nature conservation and assess their learnings from the environmental jamboree lectures, environmentally-themed adventure race, and cultural night. In addition, this study enables the participants to develop personal reflections on their realizations of the importance of environment conservation. This study concludes that the environmental jamboree participants have little knowledge about environmental conservation at the start of the activity. Moreover, the participant's knowledge in the realm of nature conservation has significantly improved after they participated in the different activities of the environmental jamboree. Finally, the activities in the environmental jamboree have enabled the participants to realize that good ecosystem service only comes from a clean and healthy environment. Furthermore, this study reinforced another realization that environmental conservation efforts would be more successful if there is unity and coordination among people. Nevertheless, the participants were informed that such realizations could only materialize if there is determination and hard work among people involved in environmental conservation efforts.

Chicken “isaw”is a traditional food in the market that has been widely accepted by the low-income segment of the Filipino populace. Chicken “isaw” was developed into a more hygienic product through vacuum frying to improve its quality, shelf life, and marketability. Market acceptability assessment of the improved product was done by involving both consumers and non-consumers of chicken “isaw.” Results of which showed that 93% of non-consumers were aware about the traditional chicken “isaw” but were not buying or consuming the product due to perceptions that the product is unsafe, unhygienic, and unpalatable. Results also showed that consumers purchased the product due to its affordability, availability, and palatable taste. The product was purchased weekly by a little less than 50% of the consumers, buying 4 to 6 pieces. Results revealed that all the consumer and non-consumer respondents were not aware of the improved chicken “isaw.” However, 90% of consumers and 52% of non-consumers were willing to purchase the product. Moreover, 87% of consumers and 100% of non-consumers preferred vacuum fried chicken “isaw” compared to the conventionally fried one. Suggestions regarding the marketing mix strategies include: a.) offering the product in variants of different flavors; b.) improvement of color and texture; c.) development of appropriate packaging; d.) offering the product in small affordable packs, and; e.) making the product available in food courts, supermarkets, and canteens. In addition, product promotion in radio stations, social media, as well as other online sites and giving free samples, fliers, and posters were also suggested.

In crop production, it is essential to know the soil characteristics, water requirement, and crop suitability in order to have favorable plant growth and yield. This study was conducted to determine the growth and yield performance of aromatic rice grown in different soil textures and water levels. The experiment was laid out in a 2 x 3 split-plot, Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Four containers per treatment (21.5cm and a height of 23cm pail size) were used, each filled with 10 kg soil under saturated conditions. The different soil textures (S1- Clay Loam, S2- Clay) were designated as the main plots, and various water levels (W1- 1.5cm, W2- 3.0cm, W3- 5.0 cm) were considered as the subplots. The results revealed that rice grown in clay loam soil (S1) were taller, had broader leaf area index, produced flower early, and have more number of tillers hill^-1 (21.11). Likewise, longer panicle length (21.79cm), highest percent filled grains (82%), and total grain yield (55g hill^-1) equivalent to 6.11 t ha^-1 were obtained from plants grown in clay loam soil. Plants grown in 3.0cm water levels produced more productive tillers hill^-1 (21.83), the highest number of filled grains (138), and highest grain yield at 54.35g hill^-1 or equivalent to 5.99 t ha^-1.

The importance of micronutrient biofortification in improving the growth and yield of crops is needed nowadays due to the rapid decline in crop yield caused by soil infertility and the prevalence of malnutrition among young children. Micronutrients (Fe, Zn, and Cu) were added to NPK fertilizers to investigate their effects on the growth and yield of purple yam tubers and assess the profitability of their addition on yam production. The different treatments used in the study were: T₁ control; T₂ = 150-50-150 kg/ha (N-P₂O₅ - K₂O); T₃ = T₂ + 8 kg/ha Zn; T₄ = T₂ + 8 kg/ha Fe; and T₅ = T₂ + 8 kg/ha Cu. The results showed that the addition of micronutrients such 5 2 as Fe, Zn, and Cu to NPK fertilizers statistically increased the growth and yield of purple yam. The addition of 8 kg/ha Fe and Cu to 150-50-150 kg/ha N-P₂O₅ - K₂O increased the size of tubers and the intensity of purple coloration. These treatments likewise produced high yields equivalent to 29.39 to 29.83 tons/ha. This was about 129 to 133 percent higher than the control group which yielded only 12.80 tons/ha. Moreover, treatment T₅ which is a combination of 150-50-150 kg/ha N-P₂O₅ - K₂O + 8 kg/ha Fe, has produced the highest net income of PhP1,420,704.00/ha. This was 155% higher than the net income obtained by the control group that only amounted to PhP 557,790.00.

Climate change has been causing low yield in rice production. In order to counter the negative effects of climate change in rice production, it is important to choose a suitable variety and production system, as well as application of nitrogen. This study sought to determine the agronomic and yield performance of inbred and hybrid rice under System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and conventional production systems, as well as evaluate the Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) of these varieties under two production systems and N application. The experiment was laid out in a nested design in RCBD with varieties as the main plot and N application as subplot (0 kg N ha^-1 and 90 kg N ha^-1) under two production systems. Inbred rice grown under SRI headed earlier than hybrid rice in similar condition and both varieties in the conventional production system. Irrespective of production system, hybrid variety and those applied with N were taller than inbred without N application. Regardless of the variety and levels of N applied, lowland rice grown under SRI produced the most productive tillers, heaviest 1,000 grains, heaviest root pulling resistance (RPR), and highest leaf area index(LAI). In terms of N levels, grain yield was higher when 90 kg of N was applied in both production systems than without N. Both varieties had comparable grain yield when applied with 90 kg N ha^-1. Highest NUE was obtained under SRI with application of 90 kg N ha^-1 and under conventional system without N application. Thus, rice grown under SRI had better utilization of applied N. Meanwhile, water supplied in SRI was reduced by 32% compared to the conventional production system.

Eggplant fruits are highly perishable; thus, they have a short shelf life after harvesting. The use of edible coatings has been used in various agricultural commodities to preserve their quality and prolong their postharvest life. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different polysaccharide-based edible coatings on the physico-chemical, biochemical, and physiological properties of eggplant fruits. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design with nine (9) treatments and three (3) replications. Four (4) edible coatings were evaluated at two different concentrations. Sodium alginate (AL), pectin (PE), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and cornstarch (CS) were tested at 1 and 2% concentrations. On days 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12, samples were taken for the physicochemical, biochemical, and physiological analysis. Results of the study showed that the application of polysaccharide-based edible coatings significantly reduced weight loss and shriveling, maintained firmness and VQR, prolonged shelf life, enhanced pH, TSS, TA, preserved vitamin C content, maintained moisture and dry matter content, and reduced respiration and microbial count of eggplant without significantly affecting ethylene production. The different coatings (alginate, pectin, carboxymethyl cellulose, and cornstarch) significantly maintained the quality of eggplants for eight (8) days compared to the control. Among the different coatings tested, alginate showed the best result in maintaining the quality of eggplant fruit. It significantly reduced weight loss, shriveling, and microbial count, and preserved vitamin C content. Therefore, edible coatings, especially alginate, are effective in maintaining eggplant quality during postharvest storage.

Food blogging communities, which have been steadily increasing over the years, are significant sources of dietary behaviors. However, studies revealed that some food blogs do not promote healthy dietary behaviors. This study generally aimed to determine the textual and visual content of the top five Filipino food blogs. Overall findings of the study imply that the bloggers delivered information that was associated with greater internalization of the thin ideal, appearance comparison, weight dissatisfaction, and drive for thinness among readers. The content also has negative/guilt inducing messages about food which could mean that the recipes posted may have problematic nutritional content especially that most of the bloggers were just “foodies”, not nutrition experts. Although some entries were about health recipes, healthy eating choices, medical treatment and prevention, and exercising, which suggest that food blogs might promote healthy behaviors, this information has to be verified with experts. Filipino food blogs contain a variety of messages and information that may or may not promote healthy dietary behaviors. The results of this study could help provide awareness to those who get food and health-related information in the internet, specifically from the top Filipino food blogs.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) spatial data simulation using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was conducted to determine the hydropower generation potentials of three (3) major islands of Biliran Province in the Philippines. Results indicate that the dominant hydropower potentials of Biliran are of microhydro class with a total of 2,900 sites and an estimated power output of 35.37 megawatts. Minihydro and picohydro power potentials contributed only 2.8% and 20.5%, respectively, to the total of 46.15 megawatts hydropower potential in the main island of the Province. The second and third biggest islands, Maripipi and Higatangan, were found, through simulation, to have no significant river formation and, hence, no hydropower potential.

To improve the production of high-level human resources that can spearhead efforts to attain national development, many countries, including the Philippines, have provided scholarship grants to interested professionals for them to pursue advanced degrees. This study aimed to find out graduate students' perceived contribution of scholarship grants to their academic success. We gathered data through a survey of 46 scholars who pursued graduate studies at the Visayas State University. To supplement the survey data, we conducted a focus group discussion with seven scholars who were not among the survey respondents. Results showed that participants considered their scholarship grants as contributors to their academic success. These grants motivated them to perform well academically and finish their respective degrees within the time allotted for their study. The scholarship grants provided funds for their school and living expenses, thus encouraging them to complete their degrees on time. Since their scholarships facilitated their completion of graduate degrees, they said it also contributed to their career development. Their scholarship also enabled them to improve their knowledge and skills, opened better career opportunities, and boost their selfconfidence to apply for jobs with higher compensation. They also considered their scholarship as a plus factor in their job applications.

The combination action of α-amylase, xylanase, and composite flour was analyzed to determine their effects on the sensory quality of bread through optimization using Central Composite Design (CCD) of the Response Surface Methodology. Fifteen bread formulations containing different concentrations of α-amylase (0, 0.0005, and 0.003% w/w), xylanase (0, 0.001 and 0.003% w/w), and composite flour (15, 30, 45%w/w) were used in the experiment. The study revealed that α-amylase significantly influenced the response of crust color, crumb structure, flavor, and general acceptability of the bread. The presence of xylanase caused a change in the response of crust color, crumb texture, and the general acceptability only. However, its cross product interaction with composite flour level affected the response of crust color, crumb texture and structure, flavor, and the overall acceptability of the product. The synergistic effect of α-amylase and xylanase displayed a positive effect on the overall acceptability of the bread. The optimum formulation set at acceptability rating of >7.20 on the 9-point Hedonic scale was determined at 38% composite flour with 0.002% α-amylase and 0.0012% xylanase with a cost of P41.14 per 421.27g of loaf. The observed acceptability mean for all sensory attributes of the formulation was not significantly different from the predicted acceptability mean value of the model according to the verification test. This formulation was not significantly different from the commercial bread available in the local market of Baybay City, Leyte based on the consumer acceptance results with children and adults as potential target market.

Pectin is an important ingredient used as thickener, water binder, and stabilizer in food. Its production could be economically attractive especially if extracted from food processing wastes and by-products.This study screened the different experimental conditions that led to the significant extraction of quality pectin from Cardaba banana. The large production of banana products, which results in discarded banana peels, presents an opportunity for creating alternative processes involving this waste. The Plackett–Burman screening method was used to identify the most important factors early in the experimentation phase when complete knowledge about the factors affecting the process or method were unavailable. Seven selected variables, namely: peel nature, peel size, peelsolvent ratio, pH, extraction temperature, extraction time, and extractant:ethanol ratio, were subjected to the screening experiment. These variables are relevant to the extraction of pectin in unripe banana (Musa acuminate × balbisiana var. Cardaba) peel. Variable screening results showed that extraction time, extraction temperature, and peel:solvent ratios had significant effects on the extraction process. These factors could be further optimized to extract the best quality pectin from unripe banana peel.

Forests play a vital role in the global carbon cycle since these are sources and sinks of carbon. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes in soil carbon stocks and some essential nutrients of different succession stages in two different soil types in Leyte Province. A space-fortime substitution approach was done in this study. Measurements of the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soils were done following standard methods. The sites were characterized as Ultisol (Site 1 – Baybay, Leyte) and Andisol (Site 2 – Ormoc City). Results showed no significant differences among all the soil properties in the different forest succession stages in each site. However, variation in soil properties between sites was clearly observed. Site 2 had higher soil porosity and water holding capacity, but had lower bulk density than Site 1. Soils in Site 2 were more acidic, had higher total organic carbon, total N, and CEC but had pot, lower exchangeable bases and CEC than in Site 1. Both sites had low eff available P. The C:N ratios in all forest successions were significantly lower in Site 1 than in Site 2. This conforms to the results of substrate-induced respiration, where Site 1 was more active in CO evolution than Site 2. 2 Moreover, the soils in Site 2 significantly contained more SOC stocks (108-180 Mg C ha-1) than in Site 1 (49-76 Mg C ha-1). However, SOC stocks did not vary significantly in both sites. This result implies that the determination of soil physico-chemical properties is important in evaluating the changes of C:N ratios as well as of SOC stocks. In this study, Andisols had higher potential in storing organic C than Ultisols.

Alginates, which are mainly produced from kelp, improve and stabilize the texture of foods. Thus, they are important in the food and beverage industry. Brown seaweeds such as Sargassum piluliferum are abundant in the Philippines and could be potential sources of alginates. The Plackett-Burman screening was used as a tool to evaluate the importance of seven selected variables (formaldehyde solution, extractant ratio, Na CO 2 3 concentration, HCl concentration, extraction temperature, bleaching, and precipitant), which influence the extraction process of sodium alginates. The main factors that affected the extraction of sodium alginates were extraction ratio, Na CO concentration, and bleaching. Extraction ratio and 2 3 Na CO significantly affected the production of sodium alginate by lowering 2 3 the level of extractant concentration and obtaining a positive effect in terms of its yield. Bleaching with NaOCl did not significantly affect the yield. However, it had a positive effect on the purity of the alginate which is an essential physico-chemical parameter that reflects the proportion of the target compound. These factors could be further optimized to extract high yield and good quality sodium alginate from Sargassum piluliferum.

Hydroponics is a system of growing plants in nutrient solutions which could be from organic or inorganic sources with or without the use of aggregate medium. It is an alternative way of growing vegetables that would overcome problems encountered in conventional farming like soil acidity, alkalinity, and soil-borne diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth, yield, and profitability of ampalaya varieties grown under aggregate hydroponic systems using different nutrient solutions. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications using ampalaya hybrids as factor A and nutrient solutions as factor B. The two ampalaya hybrids (Galaxy and Jade Star) applied with commercial solution showed significantly greater values in terms of horticultural parameters, yield, and yield components. Between the two ampalaya hybrids, no significant effect was observed in most of the characteristics except on the weight of roots. Galaxy had heavier roots compared to Jade Star. Consistent superiority of plants applied with commercial solution was manifested in most parameters. The overall results revealed that production of ampalaya hybrid using an aggregate hydroponic system is profitable.

Organic manures are eco-friendly alternatives to inorganic fertilizers. However, a large volume of organic inputs is needed to meet the nutritional requirements of crops. Hence, there is a need to combine them with inorganic fertilizers to attain better crop yield. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of the combined application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and yield performance of sweetcorn and on the profitability of sweetcorn production. The treatments were as follows: T ₀ - Control (without fertilizer applied), T₁ - Inorganic fertilizer at 90-60-60 kg ha^-1 (N, P₂O , K₂O₅), T₂ - 5 t ha^-1 of vermicompost + 45-30-30 kg ha^-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅, T₃ - 5 t ha^-1 of poultry manure + 45-30-30 kg ha^-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅, T₄ - 5 t ha^-1 of cow manure + 45-30-30 kg ha^-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅, T₅ - 5 t ha^-1 of goat manure + 45-30-30 kg ha^-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅, T₆ - 5 t ha^-1 of mudpress + 45-30-30 kg ha^-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅, T₇ - Foliar spray (Fermented Golden Snail) + 45-30-30 kg ha-1 N, P₂O , K₂O₅. The experiment was laid out in RCBD with 3 replications. Results showed that sweetcorn plants applied with organic + inorganic fertilizers regardless of source had comparable growth and yield performance to plants applied with pure inorganic fertilizers. The highest net income of PhP62,086.00 ha^-1 was obtained from plants applied with combined goat manure and inorganic fertilizers. This suggests that in sweetcorn production, it is feasible to reduce the use of inorganic fertilizers by combining them with organic fertilizers.

The study aimed to optimize the formulation of flavored toned milk beverage using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A 7-variable 8-run Plackett-Burman (PB) design and a 33 fractional factorial experiment following Central Composite Design (CCD) were used for the variable screening experiment and the optimization study, respectively. Sensory attributes like color, aroma, mouthfeel, taste, sweetness, and general acceptability were the response parameters considered. Variable screening revealed that sugar, mango, and vanilla flavors were the three factors that significantly affected the sensory attributes of the product. These selected variables were then used in the optimization study. The levels of the independent variables significantly affected the color, sweetness, and general acceptability of the product. The levels satisfying the optimum region were: p < 0.05. 0-14.8 %w/v sugar, 0-0.8%w/v mango, and 0-0.4 %w/v vanilla. The sugar level of 13.6% (w/v), vanilla level of 0.12% (w/v), and 0% (w/v) mango level was verified as the optimum combination for flavored toned milk. Results revealed that among the responses, only the values of the actual and predicted aroma acceptability of the product were not significantly different. This implies that the proposed model equation was only fit for predicting the aroma acceptability of the product. Observed acceptability had a higher rating than the predicted value, indicating that the panelists may have improved their evaluation with less confusion when there were only two samples presented. The optimum formulation of flavored toned milk and the commercial chocolate milk were subjected to consumer evaluation to assess the acceptability of the beverage and to evaluate the preference of consumers between the newly developed and the existing milk product in the local market. The optimum formulation was accepted among 88% of the respondents while 90% liked the commercial sample. Chi-square test results showed no significant difference between the two. This implies that the optimum formulation can compete with the existing commercial product in terms of sensory acceptability. A liter of commercial milk costs Php 80 while the optimum formulation (sugar level of 13.6% w/v, vanilla level of 0.12% w/v, and mango level of 0% w/v) only costs Php 76 per liter.

Lead, as an important environmental pollutant from vehicular emission, is generally the largest source of heavy metal contamination in roadside ecosystems. Ten common Philippine medicinal plants namely: Allium fistulosum, Artemisia vulgaris, Basella alba, Ipomoea batatas, Euphorbia hirta, Plectranthus amboinicus, Mimosa pudica, Cymbopogon citratus, Portulaca oleracea, and Curcuma longa growing along the 45-km stretch of the Baybay – Ormoc national highway were investigated for Pb accumulation. The study showed Curcuma longa, Plectranthus amboinicus, and Artemisia vulgaris had the highest Pb content in the leaves. In the stem, Mimosa pudica had the lowest with 5.0 mg/kg while Plectranthu samboinicus had the highest with 9.5 mg/kg. In the roots, Pb was highest (18.0 mg/kg) in Allium fistulosum but low (below 10.0 mg/kg) in all the other species. Results imply that consumption of medicinal plants growing along busy roads may not be safe, especially those species that accumulate high levels of Pb. Long term usage of these plants may cause serious health problems.

Tracer study is needed to understand how well a university has performed in terms of developing the competencies of its students and in preparing them for the world of work. This study was conducted to determine the employment characteristics and job experiences of the graduates of VSU's graduate degree programs, and their feedback on their educational experiences in the university. Data were gathered by sending online questionnaires to graduates with active email accounts, handing in questionnaires to alumni working in VSU and nearby agencies and institutions, and conducting interviews and focus group discussions with graduates working in some institutions in Bohol. Of the 73 respondents, 78% finished master's degree only at ViSCA/LSU/VSU, while 16% finished both master's and doctorate degrees from the university. Almost all (99%) are employed, 84% have regular or permanent positions, 78% are working in academic institutions/state universities and colleges either as faculty members, researchers, extension workers or administrative staff, 27% occupy supervisory positions, and 64% got promoted after earning their graduate degrees in VSU. A great majority of the respondents (92%) considered the graduate degrees they earned as highly relevant to their current jobs. The top five skills they learned in VSU which they found useful included teaching (78%), communication (69%), critical thinking (63%), problem-solving (55%), and human relation skills (52%). The graduate programs were rated high by the respondents in terms of seven criteria, including relevance of the program to professional requirements (4.65), teaching/learning environment (4.33), teacher-student relationship (4.31), quality of program delivery (4.29), range of courses offered (4.20), library, laboratory and other facilities (4.10), and work placement (4.07). This suggests that the respondents were generally satisfied with the university's graduate curricular offerings. However, they gave some suggestions to further improve the delivery of graduate degree programs by VSU.

Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench commonly known as lady finger or okra, is a popular tropical plant that produces green, slender, finger-shaped fruits. The fruits are commonly harvested when young and consumed as green vegetable. The study primarily investigated the morphological, anatomical and physiological changes that occur in the lady finger or okra var. 'Smooth Green' whole fruit, its pericarp and seeds. Based on these data, the fruit's optimal stage of maturity for harvest was determined. Fruits were collected at different developmental stages starting at 3 days after anthesis (DAA) and every 3 days thereafter until th the 24 day when further growth in size was no longer evident. Morphological parameters were measured in situ using intact fruits. Fresh and dry weights were measured using destructive samples. Histological procedures were used to examine anatomical features of the pericarp. The Alkali Trapping Method was used to monitor respiratory activity of the developing fruits. The okra plants started to flower at 48 days after sowing. A tiny fruit was formed immediately the day after anthesis and continued to grow in size and weight reaching full mature size at day 24. Growth in fresh weight of the whole fruit, the pericarp and the seed followed a double sigmoidal pattern while seed growth was linear. Young fruits had high moisture but low dry matter content while older ones had low moisture and high dry matter content. Young fruits were light green in color, more rounded in diameter and more hairy while older ones were deep green in color, became increasingly ribbed and glossy or less hairy as they matured. Anatomically, young pericarp had smaller and tightly compact cells becoming larger and bulkier with increasing age. Based on the results, okra is best harvested and consumed as fresh green vegetable when it is young at 9 DAA, when it is light green and immature, when it is about 16.8 cm in length, about 1.9 cm in diameter, has high moisture content of about 92%, when its pericarp tissues and seeds are soft, translucent and spongy and has lower respiration rate which ensures longer shelf life and good eating quality.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an important vegetable in the country which is consumed both raw and as processed product. This study aimed to evaluate the growth, yield, postharvest qualities and profitability of aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with different nutrient solutions. The study was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with 8 treatments replicated 3 times. Tomato fruits were first harvested 60 days after transplanting with 100 percent survival rate. Early flowering of tomato plant was observed when applied with VSU liquid nutrient formulation (VSU-LNF) with node number ranging from 13.33-14.00 bearing the first flower. Growth parameters such as plant height, number of lateral shoot, root length and fruit size are stimulated by the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation and in combination with ferments. This also resulted to high number and weight of marketable fruit in tomato plant. Carotenoid and chlorophyll contents of the fruits were higher in aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with fermented kuhol (Pomacea canaliculata L.). Free radical scavenging activity was found highest in the fruit of tomato grown in aquaponic system supplemented with combined VSU liquid nutrient formulation with fermented malunggay (Moringa olifera). However, vitamin Cand sugar content of tomato fruits were found highest when supplemented with combine VSU liquid nutrient formulation and fermented kuhol. No significant differences were obtained on firmness, percent weight loss, respiration rate at 2 and 4 weeks after storage, titratable acidity, fruit nitrogen, pH of fruit, oxidation reduction potential, electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids. On the other hand, higher moisture content of the tomato fruits were observed with the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation and in combination with ferments. Therefore, high yield was produced with the application of VSU liquid nutrient formulation which resulted to higher net return. Aquaponically grown tomato supplemented with VSU-LNF produced lesser yield but with considerable net return.

Edible mushrooms, whether fresh or processed, are widely consumed worldwide. In order to determine their nutritional and/or functional values, this study was conducted to evaluate the free radical scavenging activity of Volvariella (Volvariella volvacea), wood ear (Auricularia auricula-judae), and shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms. Trolox equivalent per 100g sample (TE/100g) was determined to describe the activity using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. Results showed that wood ear exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity (387.11±30.26 TE/100g) among the three species. Shiitake mushroom exhibited 368.13 ±27.03 TE/100g activity. Volvariella contained the lowest activity with 318.72 ±36.87 TE/100g. Based on the solvent system, ethanolic extracts showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (386.45±23.30 TE/100g) while hexane extract showed the least free radical scavenging activity (326.34 ±27.75 TE/100g). Water extract exhibited 361.17 ±49.11TE/100g activity. The results of this study showed that mushroom extracts could serve as natural antioxidants due to their significant antioxidative property.

An In vivo experiment was conducted to assess the effects of live yeast supplementation on the performance of six-month-old young goats. Specifically, it investigated the effects of cultured yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation of the dry matter intake, growth performance, fluctuation in ruminal fluid pH and rumen bacterial count, as well as on the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of the napier grass-concentrate ration. The addition of cultured yeast at two grams/ 10 mL distilled water generally increased dry matter intake and weight gain of the young goats, but did not significantly affected bacterial count and ruminal fluid pH. The digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein of the napier grass-concentrate ration increased with the addition of cultured yeast. Yeast supplementation of one gram/ 10 mL distilled water enhaced nutrient intake and utilization of the napier grass-concentrate ration.

An optimization study of food products is important to be able to develop a nutritious and least costly product using the most efficient processing method. In this study, optimization of an oven-roasted peanut product was done. A two-factor factorial experiment with three levels of garlic solution (4,6, &8 w/w) and roasting time (40, 45 & 50 min) was conducted. Consumer acceptance test and specturm descriptive analysis were done using the 9-point Hedonic scale and 15-cm semi-structrued line, respectively. Roasting time had significant effects on all sensory parameters studied. Garlic level significantly affected fracturability. The optimum combination of 4-8% (w/w) garlic solution and below 47 min roasting time produced a product with acceptability scored of >6.50. Verification study showed the predictive ability of the model which implies that the processor has confidence to choose any combination from the above-mentioned values. Product quality specifications and intensity for color, garlic aroma, hardness, crunchiness, fracturability, toothpacking, saltiness, garlic taste, bitterness taste, peanutty taste and roastedness flavor were established.

This study was conducted to determine the morphological response of the regrowth of rejuvenated coffee (Coffea arabica L.) to varying timing and levels of application of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) [2RS, 3RS)-1-4 (-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-1, 2, 4-triazol-1-yl-penten-3-ol]. Plants applied with PBZ two months before cutting had delayed shoot emergence, were shorted and had bigger lateral brances but with comparable percent plant survival, vertical shoot stem characteristics, lateral branch morphology, leaf morphology and root volume and dry weight compared to those applied with PBZ one month before cutting. Regardless of timing of application, plants given 0.5 and 1.0 g a.i.PBZ/ m canopy span had shorter vertical shoots with shorter internodes, fewer and shorter lateral branches, smaller leaves, and bigger root volume but comarable plant survival, days to shoot emergence, vertical shoot stem diameter, number of nodes of lateral branches, number of leaves, LAI and root dry weight with the untreated plants.

Planktonic algae are free-floating phytoplankton that abound in aquatic and marine environments. They are the primary producers of aquatic ecosystems thus their role in the ecosystem cannot be overemphasized. This study was conducted in three sites of Pagbanganan River to determine the abundance and diversity of planktonic algae. A total of 39 genera under divisions Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Charophyta were recorded. The most abuntat and dominant group were the diatoms (Divion Bacillariophyta). Navicula, Nitzschia, Synedra, Melosira and Coconies were the most abundant genera. The upstream, midstream and downstream sites were highly similar in phytoplankton composition and abundance. Phytoplankton were more abundant and dominant but less diverse during the months of April, May and June compared to July, August and September. Temperature, dissolved oxygen and nitrate levels were within safe limits but phosphate was in excess. Abundace was positively correlated with current velocity but negatively correlated with nitrate level.

The fiber morphological properties of three promising abaca (Musa textilis Nee) cultivars found in the abaca germplasm collection of the National Abaca Research Center were investigated to assess their suitability for pulp and paper production. It was found that Inosa produced the longest fibers (4.58mm) followed by Laylay (3.43mm), while Gomez hybrid had the shortest (2.45mm). The three cultivars did not vary in fiber cell diameter, lumen width and cell wall thickness. Tensile strength of Inosa was highest at 84.68 cN/tex compared to Laylay (69.27 cN/tex) while Gomez hybrid had the lowest at 25.65 cN/tex). The very high tensile strength of Inosa as well as its high slenderness and runkel ratios make it very suitable for the production of high quality pulp and paper. Slenderness and runkel ratios of the Gomez hybrid were the lowest while its flexibility ratio was the highest indicating poor fiber quality. Such properties, however, still make its fibers acceptable for low-grade pulp and paper products such as newsprint paper production.

Pagbanganan River is a river system that traverses several barangays in the city of Baybay. The river is important to the communities because of its various ecological uses. At this time, however, it is facing major threats which affect its water quality. This study was conducted to find out how the people living near the river utilize the water resources and to determine some economically important biological resources derived from the river. River-related problems, tradtional practices, superstitious beliefs and their perception on water quality were assessed. Personal interviews were conducted to gather data on household charateristics, water usage and assessment of water quality. The communities residing near the river for food and other services. Fish, shrimps, crabs and snails are among the many biological resources derived from the river. Most residents considered the river as important to them. Respondents generally believed that the river's water quality has been slowly deterioration. Overall findings suggest the need to raise public awareness on water quality issue to increase people's understanding and encourage them to adopt practices that can sustain the river's health.

A study was conducted to describle the habitat preference of the Philippines tarsier in Loboc, Bohol. Description of habitat preference was based on species composition and density of the different layers of the stand, mean height, mean diameter and basal area including physical attributes such as aspect, slope and elevation. Three habitat variants of the Philippine tarsier were observed in Loboc, Bohol. The first variant was a relatively open thicket with many small-diameter trees and shrubs and dense undergrowths. The second variant was a thicket of tall grasses, many small diameter trees and dense undergrowths growing under a mahogany plantation. The third variant was a thicket of many small diamater trees and shrubs with less evident woody vines and dense undergrowths with limited exposure to direct sunlight and strong wind being situated along gullies. Preferred habitat of the Phlippine Tarsier are small diameter trees as roosting sites and dense undergrowth as a source of insects and small vertebrates which are preferred food of the animal. The presence of crevices, which are unique to the limestone environment, serve as "hiding places" to protect the animals from predators.

Mt. Pangasugan contains one of the few remaining intact lowland dipterocarp forests in Leyte which is home to many threatened avain species including the Kalaw. The study aimed to understand the spatial distribution and temporal activities of kalaw to provide information to support conservation progrom. The preferred habitat of kalaw was characterized by the dominance of species belonging to family Dipterocarpaceae and gap species of Araliaceae and Moraceae. Kalaw occurred in stands where there were large trees with natural cavities which could be used for nesting and fig trees and other fruit bearing gap species as source of food. Specific perches were big tall trees which comprise the canopy and emergent layers. The result of the study suggest strengthening protection of the remaingin secondary forest as habitat of kalaw and put a stop to current activities that may have affected the biological clock of Kalaw

This paper presents results of the sweetpotato varietal trials in Central Luzon, as well as the lessons learned from the Central Luzon experience. A large number of promising genotypes was evaluated throughout the Philippines. As of the present, a total of 32 good performing sweetpotato (Sp) varieties have already been released by the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) as recommended varieties. Results of the regional trials conducted in Tarlac College of Agriculture (TCA) in Camiling, Tarlac revealed that the Sp lines recommended by NSIC were also the good performers in Central Luzon. Of these varieties, VSP-6 was found to be widely adopted by many farmers in the area. Of the 48 SP clones evaluated, only five were found tolerant to viruses. These were J53-7, J60-2, Tres Colores, Tinagimtim and VSP 6.

This study was conducted in Compartment 2012a in Bosinghausen Forest District in Germany covering an area of 5 hectared. Twenty two sampling plots were laid out in the field following systematic sampling design. Results showed that all estimates for all variables (e.g. tree heights, DBH, stem density, basal area and volume) under trees that were marked for cutting have higher relative standard error. This was due to higher dispersion of individual estimates in each plot. On the other hand, the simulation study shows that sampling efficiency can be acheived by increasing the sample size. When more samples are included, the relative standard error becomes low. From this study, it can be concluded that the variability of the estimates were affected by sample size and the variability of individual units in the population or the individual esitmates (in this case, estimates in each plot).

This paper presents adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) as a method of assessing forest biodiversity. In this study, ACS was used to estimate the abundance of ecologically sparse population of Diospyros philippinensis (Desrousseaux) within the Visayas State University Forest Reserve. Its statistical efficiency were analyzed by comparing them to the conventional systematic sampling (Syst) estimator. Results indicated that adaptive cluster sampling (ACS) plots captured more trees into the sample compared to systematic sampling (Syst) plots. In addition, ACS estimates for mean and total numbers of individuals per ha was higher than systematic sampling estimates and in terms of variance ACS gave substantially lower variance than systematic sampling. However, the ratio of the adjusted SE of ACS to the adjusted SE of systematic sampling for each species and the combined data of the two species was generally lesser than 1 which means that ACS was not a better design than systematic sampling.

The study assessed soil loss and physico-chemical dynamics of the west-oriented watershed within the Community-Based Forest Management (CBFM) Project in Cienda, Gabas, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines. Results showed that, on the average, surgace runoff was 10.35 m3/hectare with associated sediments of 0.169 Mg/hectare. Average percentage of nutrients flowing with surface runoff was 1.97% and 1.27% along the streamflow compared to soil nutrients as baseline. Average infiltration rate during the dry season was 326,19 ml/min and 68.09 ml/min during the wet season. Turbidity of streamflow was 2.96 ntu and the associated sediments 16.0 mg/L. pH of streamflow ranged from 7.50 to 7.00 while total hardness from 7.84 to 15.16 mg/L. The average nitriite (NO2) content was 11.115mg/L while nitrate (NO3) was 1.05 mg/L. Phosphorous (P) ranged from 2.20 to 4.46 mg/kg or parts per million (ppm) while potassium (K) ranged from 3.71 to 3.90 ppm. Sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were of low concentrations but sufficient to support plant growth.

The study sought to 1) trace the early beginnings of the alayon, 2) determine the alayon's role in the development and transfer of technology; 3) identify some needs and contraints to technology development and dissemination; and 4) identify and describe the common methods of technology transfer employed by the alayon. A stratified multi-stage sampling was used to identify the respondents. A total of fifteen alayons with 167 memebers were studied using a focused-structured interview. Accesss to agricultural technology was gained by most farmers in addition to the economig and social benefits. Financial constraint was the most common problem felt. Common methods employed by the alayon in the transfer of technology included informal conversation, training/seminar/farmer's class and actual field observation/documentation.

This study was conducted with the following objectives: 1) to determine the performance ratings of the secondary school teachers as evaluated by their administrators; 2) to establish the relationship between the performance ratings of the secondary school teachers as evaluated by their superiors and their teaching effectiveness as evaluated by their students; and 3) to determine whether or not there is a significant difference in the quality of teaching among the secondary teachers in the different public schools serving as respondents of the study. Spearman Rho Correlation Coefficient was used to establish the relationship between the secondary teachers' ratings in the RPAST and their teaching effectiveness. The study revealed that 1) the average performance efficiency ratings were 87.61, 82.40, and 65.71 for INHS, KNHS and TNHS, respectively, with descriptive equivalents of very satisfactory for INHS and KNHS and satisfactory for TNHS, 2) there was no correlation between the performance ratings of the secondary teachers and their teaching effectiveness as perceived by students because of the lower ratings from the students compared to the higher ratings given by the administrators to their teachers; and 3) there was a significant difference in the quality of teaching among the secondary teachers in the three public schools service as respondents of the study.

Two whiteboards were installed at the office of the Community Environment and Natural Resources Office (CENRO) in Maasin City, Southern Leyte, as a tool for improving the flow of timber marketing information. The boards contain list of registered tree plantations, including theri location and the estimated volume at harvest and list of buyers in the locality. Focus group discussions with timber dealers, agricultural technologists and CENRO personnel indicated the potentials of the whiteboards for improving timber information flow. It established a link between farmers and buyers, and farmers are encouraged to register their trees so that their names would appear in the list. Buyers, on the other hand, are able to locate the farmers and the tree species they have available. According to the extension workers, the whiteboards made the monitoring of tree farms easy. Considering the utility of the information contained in the whiteboard, farmers suggested that each barangay be provided with the same list on bond paper. Alternative means suggested to improve dissemination of timber marketing information is through the local radio station, local cable television channel, newspapers, and through the extension workers.

This paper presents results of the sweetpotato varietal trials in Central Luzon, as well as the lessons learned from the Central Luzon experience. A large number of promising genotypes was evaluated throughout the Philippines. As of the present, a total of 32 good performing sweetpotato (Sp) varieties have already been released by the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) as recommended varieties. Results of the regional trials conducted in Tarlac College of Agriculture (TCA) in Camiling, Tarlac revealed that the Sp lines recommended by NSIC were also the good performers in Central Luzon. Of these varieties, VSP-6 was found to be widely adopted by many farmers in the area. Of the 48 SP clones evaluated, only five were found tolerant to viruses. These were J53-7, J60-2, Tres Colores, Tinagimtim and VSP 6.

This study was conducted to determine the species of trees that are domesticate by upland farmers in Southern Leyte through interview and field visitation. It also looked into the reasons how trees become established in their famrs and what influences their attitudes towards tree domestication. Timber and fruit tree species were both domesticated by farmers. Seedlings from nursery were planted and trees from natural regeneration were reared in farm lots. Thirteen (13) timber species, in 12 genera and 8 families and 23 fruit three species, in 19 genera and 15 families, were recorded as domesticated intentionally through actual planting. Eighteen (18) timber-producing and 38 non-timber producing tree species were recorded as domesticated through rearing of naturally occuring trees. The reared timber trees included 8 dipterocarp species. Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) and yemani (Gemelina arborea Roxb.) were the most commonly planted exotic timber species. Molave (Vitex parviflora Juss.) was the most preferred native timber species while mango (Mangifera indica Lin.) was the most preferred fruit tree for on-farm domestication. Availability of suitable land for planting of trees, samll farm size, unclear land tenure, availability of planting materials and unclear government policy on harvesting of planted trees were the most relevant factors that cause many farmers to refrain from adopting tree domestication.

Agricultural Production systems inside protected areas are shifting from subsistence to cash economy. Along this shift, farming systems are also significantly changing from low to high intensity cropping, characterized by continuous cultivation and heavy application of inorganic fertilizer and pesticides. Based on the main crops grown, spatial arrangement and cropping intensities, the different crop production systems were identified such as traditional mosaic, low-input mosaic, low-input abaca-based intercrop, low input staples, and high input vegetables. Crop diversity at the farm level is generally low. Perennial crops are integrated into the farming system but are limited to few species of fruit crops and exotic forest trees. Farm level species diversity is positvely realted to age, number of years with livelihood projects. Livelihood module must be implemented and institutinal support be strengthened to lessen dependence of inhabitants of protected areas on these less sustainable production systems.

This study aimed at determining if the sweetpotato growers in the locality of Parasanon, Pinabacdao, Samar possess certain local knowledge about their soil and crops, particularly sweetpotato. Informal and formal interviews were the primary methods used in gathering information for the study. The demographic traits of the farmers clearly differed but they adhered to the same knowledge system regarding the attributes of the soil in their native dialect, the farmers have a soil classification scheme based on textual characteristics and certain indicators of soil fertility and plant health. Moreover, the farmers are also aware of certain problems connected to their soils or crops but these do not bother them because they have the experience in circumventing field-related problems. Generally, the upland farmers of Pinabacdao do not use degraded soils for sweetpotato production. They ordinarily leave the area temporarily and relocate to more fertile grounds in the forest edges if they find their soils to be no longer productive. None among the local farmers use any of the improved sweetpotato production technologies which were shoen or given to them by technicians connected either to R & D project conducted previously in the locality or the Department of Agriculture.

The study was conducted to determine species diversity and similarity within a two-hectare secondary forest of the Visayas State University forest reservation. The diversity value of trees ranged from 3.09 - 4.53. Results of the study indicate that the middle layer of both blocks was observed as the most luxuriant among all layers. A total of 173 species in 113 genera and 51 families; and 92 species, in 69 genera and 37 families were recorded in the middle layer of Block 1 and Block 2, respectively. The genus Ficus of the family Moraceae was identified as the most highly represented in terms of species in both blocks. Moreover, results of the study show that species richness increased within an increasing area but with a decreasing number of species. As to species similarities, it was discovered that 28% of the identified specieds are common to both blocks.

This paper presents land claimants' experiences in acquiring land titles under the sporadic and LAMP land titling schemes. Data were gathered using an interview schedule. Respondents were land claimants from the pilot areas of LAMP-PIO I. Most of them were old, married obtained high school education, and had annual income that fell below the poverty line. Findings showed that under tha LAMP scheme, claimants were able to get their title within about a year. On the other hand, it took an average of 7 years for land claimants to get their title in the sporadic scheme. Respondents who claimed that the LAMP scheme is more effective said that it is faster, cheaper and most importantly, has more systematic procedures.

Soil samples representing hightly weathered Red-Yellow and Volcanic Ash soils were collected from 45 pedons of different rootcrop producing provinces in the Philippines. This research was conducted to provide a comprehensive data on the properties and constraints of Red-yellow and Volcanic Ash soils planted to rootcrops through determination of the soils' various morphological, physical, and chemical properties. Some of the identified soil constraints associated with Red-Yellow and Volcanic Ash soils planted to rootcrops include : low organic matter, soil acidity, Al toxicity, low CEC, low amounts of exchangeable bases such as Ca, K, Mg, and Na, low P availability, high clay content, and highly compacted soils.

Tree resources in protected areas in the Visayas were mainly used for construction materials and firewood. Inhabitants inside prodtected areas harvested timber for their own light construction needs and for firewood mostly for household consumption. Illegal harvest of timber for commercial trade was still prevalent but perpetrated by highly influential people staying outside protected areas. Participation of local inhabitants was limited on the transport of lumber from the cutting area to the designated landing sites. Most preferred timber species for construction came from the Dipterocarp family, which are available only in secondary and primary forests. Owing to their being readily available in the locality, exotic species also proved a good source of construction materials. The most preferred firewood species wer gap species collected from nearby regeneration areas and woodlots. Local availability and abundance were the primary considerations with respect to preferences for firewood species.

Field survey and laboratory studies were conducted to gather information on the natural enemies of Micraspis crocea. A number of predators, parasitoids and entomopathogens were observed to be associated with this species of beetle. Among the predators, the spiders were quite common in the field attacking both the larvae and adult beetles. Four species of spiders, Tetragnatha maxillosa Thorell, Argiope catenulata Doelschall, Oxyopes lineatipes C.L. Koch and Lycosa pseudoannulata Bosenberg and Strand were recorded belonging to 4 families: Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Oxyopidae and Lycosidae, respectively. Among the species, Oxyopes lineatipes had a hight rate of consumption of the beetle larvae in the laboratory. Other insect predators observed included long-horned grasshoppers (Conocephalus longipennis), crickets (Metioche vittacolis Stal), carabid beetles (Ophionea nigrofasciata Schmidt-Goebel) and species of ant (Solenopsis germinata Fabricius). An Encyrtid wasp was also observed to parasitize the larvae of M. crocea while the white muscardine fungus, Beauveria bassiana Balsamo (Vuillemin) was found to infect the adult beetles in the field.

Plant height, leaf area index, number of pods per plant, and seed yield were significantly influenced by the application of organic and inorganic fertilizer combination. Plant which received inorganic fertilizer alone (T1) grew taller (97.38 cm), developed larger leaf area index (1.06) and more pods per plant (102.93), and produced higher yield (1.80 t ha1) than those subjected to T0, T3 and T4 treatments. Plots applied solely with inorganic fertilizer generated the highest net income among the different treatments used.

A feeding trial with broilers was conducted to evaluate the effects of amino acids (lysine and methionine) supplementation of diets low in protein content on the voluntary intake, feed conversion efficiency, broiler performance, and cost and return of broiler production. Results showed cumulative voluntary feed intake was not significantly affected by lowering the protein content of the diet. Cumulative weight gain of broilers was lower with diet when supplemented iwht lysine and methionine to meet requirements. Birds fed with diets low in protein has less efficient feed converstion, but became comparable with those receiveing diets high in protein when supplemented with amino acids. Feed cost per kilogram broiler produced was not significantly affected by diets used in the study, although the low-protien diet with amino acid supplement had the lowest values. In terms of return above feed and chick cost, broilers fed with high-protein diet had the greatest value, but not significantly different from birds fed with low-protien diet with amino acid supplementation which gave about P10 per bird higher returns than those fed low-protein diet without amino acid supplementation.

To maximize the utilization of crown and to increase the production of plantlets, the crown was dived into four (for microsectioning technique) or eight (for in vitro micropropagation technique) sections and used as explants. Results showed the efficiency of the in vitro culture technique compared to the microsectioning method in producing axillary shoots from the crown explant. Using the in vitro culture technique, 1/8 crown explant produced and average of 1.4 and 1.6 axillary shoots (or 11.2 and 12.8 shoots per whole crown) after 14 to 25 days of initial culture in MS medium containing combinations of 0.2 mg/L IAA and 0.5 mg/L BA or, 2.0 mg/L NAA and 2.0 mg/L BA, respectively. These shoots proliferated and produced an average of 47.1 or 55.1 micro shoots after four months of culture in MS medium added with 0.5 mg/L or 1.0 mg/L BA. On the contrary, one quarter crown explant of the microsectioning technique produced an average of 0.2 shoot in soil or, 0.8 shoot from one whole crown. The crown-derived shoots rooted easily in 1/2 MS medium, established well in soil, reached maturity and produced fruits.

The characteristics and properties of interlayer materials from 10 non-allophanic (Melanudand) and red yellow soils (Alfisols and Ultisols) from three locations in Japan were studied by chemical extractions and x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. Allophane was dissolved from clay samples using 0.15 M acid oxalate solution while silicon and aluminum were dissolved using both 0.15 M acid oxalate and 0.3 M sodium citrate solutions. XRD analyses were done for the treated and untreated samples. For the chemically extracted samples, the clay samples were treated with bicarbonate citrate solution for the removal of iron oxides after the dissolution treatments then saturated with K and Mg ions for XRD analyses. Results of the XRD patternd of the untreated and treated samples indicated the interlayer materials as a hydroxy-interlayered form for vermiculite (HIV). Between the two dissolution treatments, the 0.3 M sodium citrate treatment was found to be more effective in removing the interlayer materials than the 0.15 M acid oxalate treatment by allowing interlayer expansion and collapse.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the changes in P content of acid soil as affeced by different N levels and sweetpotato uptake. Thirty cm healthy cuttings of VSP-2 sweetpotato were planted in clay pots filled with 10 kg soil acid soil. These were applied with 45, 90, 135 and 180 kg N/ha applied at five planting intervals as follows: T1- all at plantingl T2 - all at one month after planting; T3 - 1/2 at planting and 1/2 at one month after planting; T4 - 1/2 at planting and 1/2 at two months after planting at T5 - 1/3 at planting, 1/3 at one month after planting and 1/3 at two months after planting. Application of N fertilziers enchanced the availability of added inorganic P in acid soil and the P uptake of sweetpotato. Reduction in P content of acid soil was observed at different stages of plant growth and this was most evident at harvest. An exponential relationship was established between P removed from acid soil at harvest and root yield, emphasizing the important role played by phosphorus aside from N and K in root growth and formation of sweetpotato.

Stubble cutting heights significantly affected the agronomic characteristics as well as the yield and yield components of ratoon rice. Similarly, fertilizer treatment moslty influenced the agronomic and yield and yield components of ratoon rice. Plants applied with basal or foliar or a combination of two were harvested late, grew taller, had wider leaf area, higher straw yield, more tillers, longer and heavier panicles, more yield and harvest indices. Cost and return main crop + ratoon crop using the different studble cutting heights and fertilizer treatments were economically profitable. Results showed that basal application of fertilizer at a rate of 60-30-30 kg N, P2O5 and K2O obtained the highest net return of P19,868.56.

The paper presents the citation sources of VICARP researchers' published articles in refereed journals and other publications. A total of 90 sample published articles composed of 30 samples each from peer-reviewed journals, "non-refereed journals" and other R&D publications were subjected to citation analysis. Authored by 151 researchers, the entire 90 sample articles had a total of 881 citation sources. About one-half (50.5%) of the reference materials cited in the sample articles came from gray literatures. About one-fourth (27.1%) were citations from books. Only about a fourth (22.4%) were taken from refereed journals. Among the gray literatures used by the researchers were conference proceedings, these, bulletines/newsletters, monographs, terminal reports, manuals, abstracts, working papers, annual reports, and other non-refereed publications.

Credit cooperatives have greatly contributed to the socio-economic development of the community as shown by the different income-generating projects implemented by members. They also had large influence on the socio-economic face-lifting of the community through the active participation of members in civic work and in the implementation of livelihood projects catering to the needs of the whole community.

The researcher-constructed English proficiency test, after having been administered and subjected to item analysis, yielded 80 valid items, or 61.54% out of 130 original items under the discrete-point test; and 49 items, or 75.38% out of 65 items under the integrative test. Those valid items constituted the final items in the revised form of the discrete-point and integrative tests. Both tests proved to have reliability coefficients of 0.84 for the discrete-point test and 0.97 for the integrative test. The use of both types of test is recommended to effectively evaluate learner's English language proficiency. English teachers must also be reoriented to the combined use of the two types of test to effectively determine students' actual English proficiency level.

The workload distribution of the academic staff was determined and the factors that influence its variability were identified. The ideal perceived workload of academic staff in the academic department was 56% in instruction, 24% in research and 17% in extension, while in the research centers, 32%, 43% and 24% for instruction, research and extension functions, respectively. The assignement given by the department heads and the number of approved research projects/extension activities handled/implemented by the staff had the most influence on the variability in workload distribution.

This study determined the job placement of BSA graduates of Leyte State University from SY 1994-1995 to 1996-2000. Results showed that more than half of the graduates were employed either in government or in private sector with 50% having a contractual appointment and three-fourths landing in jobs related to agriculture. Majority of the respondents were non-eligibles although, they considered the skills and knowlege acquired in college as relevant to their present job. Their socio-demographic characteristics, including eligibility, were not significantly related to emplyment status.

This study revealed that upland farmers in Southern Leyte had been practicing tree conservation by planting and protecting trees and implementing local forestry laws within their farm and communities. Farmers also assisted in disseminating informatino to raise people's awareness on the importance of tree conservation. Results also showed that organization affiliation, tenure status, personal contacts and mass media had significant relationship to the adoption of tree conservation practices.

Rice black bug infestation in the island of Leyte was noticed in late 2001 in Libagon, Southern Leyte. Spread of infestation continued irregularly in many municipalities of Leyte in a year. Light trapping, delayed and synchronous rice planting, duck herding, handpicking of rice blag bug, fallowing, weeding and application of Metarhizium anisopliae were some of the control strategies done by farmers in reducing rice black bug population. Natural enemies that were observed to be present in the field were Solenopsis sp. (red ant), Micraspis crocet Mulsant (coccinellid beetle), Ophionia nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel) [ground beeetle], Metioche vittaticollis (cricket), salticid (jumping spider), Tetragnatha sp. (four-jawed spider), Lycosa sp. (ground spider), and Oxyopes sp. (lynx spider), Telenomus sp. (Order Hymenoptera, wasp) and M. anisopliae (green muscardine fungus)

Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) Sorokin was applied in three different methods: spray, through irrigation and broadcast. Spraying was the most effective method of applying M. anisopliae to reduce rice black bug population as evidenced by the significantly higher percentage of infected rice black bugs collected from plots sprayed with spore suspension of M. anisopliae than in plots applied with same fungus through immersion of the medium and broadcasting them regardless of the time of sampling. The effectiveness of spraying over the other two methods was the efficient deposition of spores on the plant surface or on the cuticles of the rice black bug themselves during application allowing greater chances of pick up by the insect which resulted in higher percentage (90%) infection of rice black bug on the sprayed plot. M. anisoploae had no effect on fecundity and hatchability of the eggs or rice black bug suggesting that the fungus was not transovarially transmitted. Percentage nymphal infection by M. anisopliae was very low. The results of the study also indicate that application of M. anisopliae in the field did not affect the egg parasitoid.

The occurrence of white stem borer (Scirpophaga innotata Walker) in relation with other insect pest and natural enemies in the irrigated and rainfed lowland ricefields in Agusan del Norte was studied for two cropping seasons. Seasonal abunance of the white stem borer and associated arthropods were determined through sweep net, quadrat, and pan sampling in 12 individual harvest. There were three generations of white stem borer recorded during the survey as shown by the occurence of egg masses althought overlapping of generations was also noted. However, its population fluctuated as the crop matured.

The researcher-constructed English proficiency test, after having been administered and subjected to item analysis, yielded 80 valid items, or 61.54% out of 130 original items under the discrete-point test; and 49 items, or 75.38% out of 65 items under the integrative test. Those valid items constituted the final items in the revised form of the discrete-point and integrative tests. Both tests proved to have reliability coefficients of 0.84 for the discrete-point test and 0.97 for the integrative test. The use of both types of test is recommended to effectively evaluate learner's English language proficiency. English teachers must also be reoriented to the combined use of the two types of test to effectively determine students' actual English proficiency level.

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the conidial discharge of Batkoa amrascae Keller & Villacarlos, an entomopathogenic fungus found infecting the cotton leafhopper on okra. Field and laboratoy-infected leafhopper cadavers were tested for the effect of light. The fungus from field-infected cadavers kept in the dark during sporulation produced and average of 26,372 conidia (29 hr. mean time conidial production), whereas those exposed to light had 5,290 conidia (33 hr. mean time conidial production). On the other hand, laboratory-infected cadavers exposed to light attained an average of 4,447 conidia while that of cadavers kept in the dark had 3,373 conidia, both had 28 hr mean time conidial production.

Insecticide-sprayed and unsprayed IR64, rice variety susceptible to tungro virus had very poor growth and very low yield compared to the intermediate and resistant varieties. As a result, higher net profit was observed on PSB Rc18 (resistant variety) during the dry season, while a negative profit per cropping was obtained on the sprayed and unsprayed susceptible variety. The study implied that cypermethrin is not effective in controlling rice tungro disease, thus the use of resistant varieties is more effective and profitable.

N application and legume intercropping combinations gave better growth and yield performance of corn, peanut and mungbean. Application of 90 kg N/ha gave the highest grain yield of corn while N application reduced the herbage and grain yeilds of peanut mixture; however, it increased herbage yield of mungbean but reduced grain yield. Corn + peanut intercropping combination gave higher gross margin than corn + mungbean combination. Single-row intercropping scheme gave lesser production cost than double-row that resulted to higher gross margin of either intercropping combination.

Rice black bug infestation in the island of Leyte was noticed in late 2001 in Libagon, Southern Leyte. Spread of infestation continued irregularly in many municipalities of Leyte in a year. Light trapping, delayed and synchronous rice planting, duck herding, handpicking of rice blag bug, fallowing, weeding and application of Metarhizium anisopliae were some of the control strategies done by farmers in reducing rice black bug population. Natural enemies that were observed to be present in the field were Solenopsis sp. (red ant), Micraspis crocet Mulsant (coccinellid beetle), Ophionia nigrofasciata (Schmidt-Goebel) [ground beeetle], Metioche vittaticollis (cricket), salticid (jumping spider), Tetragnatha sp. (four-jawed spider), Lycosa sp. (ground spider), and Oxyopes sp. (lynx spider), Telenomus sp. (Order Hymenoptera, wasp) and M. anisopliae (green muscardine fungus)